DateTime and DateTimeOffset in .NET: Good practices and common pitfalls

It becomes necessary to deal with dates and times in most .NET programs. A lot of programs use DateTime but that structure is frought with potential issues when you start serializing, parsing, comparing and displaying dates from different time zones and cultures. In this post I will go over these issues and the APIs and practices you should use to avoid them.

Background

The DateTime structure stores only two pieces of information: Ticks and Kind. 1 tick is 100 nanoseconds (10,000 ticks in a millisecond). The ticks counter represents how many 100ns ticks you are away from 1/1/0001 12:00 AM. It's the part that determines that it's April 6th, 2012, 3:32:07 PM.

Another bit of data is the Kind: represented as a DateTimeKind enumeration. Utc, Local and Unspecified are the possible values. Utc means that the ticks counter represents a Coordinated Universal Time (that doesn't change due to daylight savings or time zones). Local means that it represents the local time of whatever time zone the computer is set to. This one is sensitive to daylight savings. Note that a timezone offset is not built in to the DateTime structure. It can only get back to a real UTC time by checking the current time zone settings on the computer. ToUniversalTime() and ToLocalTime() will do these conversions. It will return a new DateTime value with the Ticks adjusted to get the correct year/month/day and with the requested type. Calling ToUniversalTime() on a UTC DateTime or ToLocalTime() on a Local DateTime has no effect. Remember that these functions are generating a new DateTime value and not modifying the original.

There's also a third type: Unspecified. This means we don't know whether it's local or UTC. All we know is the year, month, day, etc. When working with DateTime values, Unspecified is not very helpful since we don't know what to do when we want to get a local or UTC time from it. If you call ToUniversalTime() on one of these, it assumes that the type must have been Local and converts based on that. If you call ToLocalTime() it assumes that the type must have been UTC and converts in that direction.

DateTimeOffset is a newer structure. It is also based on ticks but instead of storing a Kind, it keeps track of the offset from UTC as a TimeSpan. A DateTimeOffset always knows what time zone it's in. Calling ToUniversalTime() will always result in a TimeSpan.Zero offset, and ToLocalTime() will convert and result in an offset of the user's current time zone.

Use DateTimeOffset, not DateTime

DateTime has countless traps in it that are designed to give your code bugs:

• DateTime values with DateTimeKind.Unspecified are bad news. It's common for code to call ToUniversalTime() or ToLocalTime() to make sure it's got the date properly ready for storage or display respectively. If you call ToUniversalTime() it converts X hours in one direction, but if you call ToLocalTime() on it, it converts X hours in the opposite direction. Both of those can't possibly be correct .
• DateTime doesn't care about UTC/Local when doing comparisons. It only cares about the number of Ticks on the objects. It could not care less that you've lovingly specified that value A is most certainly UTC and value B is local; it won't do any conversions for you. 7:30 AM Local is always going to be evaluated as less than 8:22 AM UTC, even if your timezone is EDT and really the first time was 11:30 AM UTC.
• DateTime values are not aware of standard format strings. For instance the "r" (RFC1123, the format used in HTTP headers) and "u" (universal sortable) formats both put UTC markers in the string you serialize to. If you call .ToString("u") on a local time, DateTime will happily label your local time as UTC without doing any conversion. The basically guarantees disaster when it gets parsed back in again.
• Parsing a string that has a UTC marker with DateTime does not guarantee a UTC time. If you run DateTime.Parse("2012-04-06 23:46:23Z") you might expect the result to be a UTC DateTime since the "Z" UTC flag is right there in the string, but you do not. It will correctly note that it is dealing with a UTC time, then promptly convert it to a Local time. It's still technically correct, but it can result in the hours count changing when you are not expecting it to.

But DateTimeOffset doesn't have any of these problems! It's the newer, more robust version; think of it as DateTime v2. They couldn't fix the old DateTime object because that might break existing code that was relying on the bad behavior.

So you'll want to use DateTimeOffset in any situation that you're referring to a specific point in time. You might still use DateTime for things like general dates (July 4th, 1776) or store hours (9AM-5PM), since they are not affected by time zones.

Pick the right format when serializing

It's common to convert DateTimeOffset values to strings for storage or sending them somewhere else. The list of standard date and time format strings is helpful when you are contemplating how to do this. These are used with the DateTimeOffset.ToString method: for example myDate.ToString("u"). Note how with most of the standard formats you get different values for different cultures: different month names, swapped month/day places, etc. If you use one of these to serialize and Parse back in, it might work if you have the same culture on both sides, but will break if one side uses a different culture. You can get failed parses or swapped month/day values. Only the "o", "r", "s" and "u" formats are culture-invariant. Use one of those for serialization:

Conclusion

Use DateTimeOffset and be careful with serialization. If you're dealing with legacy code that's using DateTime, be aware of all the timezone-related pitfalls when comparing, serializing, parsing and converting.

One final issue...

If it is Coordinated Universal Time, why is the acronym UTC and not CUT? When the English and the French were getting together to work out the notation, the french wanted TUC, for Temps Universel Coordonné. UTC was a compromise: it fit equally badly for each language. :)

• Anonymous
  April 08, 2012
  Great info... thanks.

• Anonymous
  April 10, 2012
  Two comments:

1. DateTimeOffset is much preferred, provided you are working with .NET 3.5 or later.....msdn.microsoft.com/.../system.datetimeoffset.aspx
2. NONE of the approaches properly handle historical timezone information. This can be a subtle but fatal problem.

• Anonymous
  April 11, 2012
  DateTimeOffset even has a matching type in SQL Server named... datetimeoffset The lack of love/adoption around DateTimeOffset is maddening, including in MSFT stacks (WCF RIA added it in 1.0 SP2, but even new API's are shipping without support for it)

• Anonymous
  April 11, 2012
  WCF Data Services 5.0 now supports DateTimeOffset properly

• Anonymous
  April 16, 2012
  Oh, good call. I'll have to rewrite this to mention DateTimeOffset. Sounds like it might be immune from a lot of the problems I mentioned. As far as the historical timezones problem: what do you mean by this? How would it affect times that are stored as UTC?

• Anonymous
  April 17, 2012
  And, updated. I'm pretty impressed with DateTimeOffset; it basically fixed every weird behavior that DateTime had.

• Anonymous
  April 25, 2012
  Great article, I am going to make every dev on my team read it and explain it back to me.....

• Anonymous
  August 09, 2015
  Wow you managed to make DateTime and DateTimeOffset understandable!  Many have tried and failed to do that!  Well done.  I've read several articles that over-complicate it, including MSDN articles that make no sense, other people advising using DateTime to persist data and DateTimeOffset to present it.  That is all nonsense - you just use DateTimeOffset everywhere as a replacement for DateTime, whenever you need to work with dates or times, persisting data, presenting it, whatever.